Critically review an assessment process of your choice and determine Essay

Fundamentally audit an appraisal procedure of your decision and decide if it is fit for reason - Essay Example .................................................. 5 b.1 Question ............................................................ 7 b.2 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions ................................ 8 c. Focal points and Disadvantages of Using Short Answer Question Technique as far as surveying the Students’ Knowledge in Nursing and Medical Education ................. 10 c.1 Advantages ........................................................ 10 c.2 Disadvantages ................................................... 11 d. Correlation between Short Answer Questions and the Different Educational Assessment Techniques utilized in Nursing and Medicine Courses ......................................... 12 d.1 Multiple Choice Exams versus Short Answer Questions .................................... 12 d.2 Essay Exam versus Short Answer Questions ........... 13 e. Vital Ways on How Assessment Using Short Answer Questions can be Measured ............................................. 14 III. End and Recommendations ................................................. 17 Appendix I †Summary of Cognitive, Affective, and Psycomotor Domain . 18 References ............................................................................................. 19 †22 Chapter I †Introduction Educators are exceptionally responsible for the nature of instruction they give to the understudies (Oermann and Gaberson, 2009, p. 3). In estimating the learning result of the understudies, instructors ought to painstakingly choose the most proper and successful appraisal method to improve the instructing and learning process between the teachers and the understudies. In light of the appraisal results, instructors will have a premise on how they can adjust the course educational plan for nursing-and medication related subjects (Oermann and Gaberson, 2009, p. 4). For quite a while, I show cardiopulmonary revival (CPR), propelled life support (ALS), inoculations and immunizations, and medical caretaker endorsing in one of the neighborhood colleges in UK. With respect to uncalled for understudy assessment, teachers ought to know that each kind of appraisal technique has its confinements as far as evaluating the students’ in general learning result (McDonald, 2002, pp. 4 †5). As a major aspect of showing nursing-and medication related subjects, this investigation will quickly examine the significance of instructive appraisal. Subsequent to experiencing the diverse instructive evaluation strategies utilized in nursing and medication courses, ways on how appraisal can be estimated will be handled in subtleties followed by deciding if the utilization of short answer addresses is a reasonable strategy to survey or analyze the learning result of nursing and clinical understudies. Beside portraying short answer questions and the evaluation procedure of short answer inquiries from a goal perspective, the favorable circumstances and detriments of utilizing short answe r question strategy as far as surveying the students’ information in nursing and clinical training will be recognized, broke down and deciphered dependent on the past and flow examine contemplates that were directed on this issue. In view of the auxiliary research discoveries, the last phase of this investigation will close whether the utilization of short answer questions is viewed as a compelling apparatus in estimating the students’ information. Section II †Literature Review Importance of Educational Assessment Educational evaluation or symptomatic testing targets gathering data concerning the learning results of the understudies. In accordance with this, instructive asses

Tourism And Economic Development In Singapore Tourism Essay Essay Example

The travel industry And Economic Development In Singapore Tourism Essay The Singapore Tourism Board ( STB ) is a taking financial advancement in touristry, one of Singapore s cardinal assistance areas. The association is known for organization, creation and greatness in doing it a cardinal monetary driver for Singapore. ( STB, refreshed 2010 ) In view of the Singapore Tourism Board ( STB ) media discharge on April 23, 2009 and October 27, 2009, the cardinal measurements show that there is a troublesome modification in inflow of Singapore Tourism. Guest coming to Singapore has declined in before part of the twelvemonth 2009 when contrasted with twelvemonth 2008. This is very much brought about by the decreasing of tourer coming to from Singapore s top five guest producing markets which is other than finding of the outer powers by Political, Economical, Socio-social and Technology advancements at the tourer bring forthing states each piece great as the completion state. Other main considerations incorporate the followerss ; We will compose a custom exposition test on Tourism And Economic Development In Singapore Tourism Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Tourism And Economic Development In Singapore Tourism Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Tourism And Economic Development In Singapore Tourism Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The hole of limit lines An expansion in extra cash and holidaies Sensible estimated airfares An expansion in the figure of individuals with clasp and cash More individuals with the drive to go The feeble open introduction in tourer arriving at further prompts compound when all is said in done financial arrangement of the state as Tourism gives specialists noteworthy income improvement grosss. As there is commonality between arranged areas of touristry, open introduction by other touristry related parts, for example, Hotel, Attractions, Restaurants, Theme Parks and different Resorts in Singapore confronted the negative multiplier result of the diminishing of tourer coming to in prior 2009. Issue Identification and Analysis As at April 2009, Tourist arriving at dot inn industry open introduction globule when all is said in done contrasted with that month in twelvemonth 2008 AOR/ARR/Revpar/room income/†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ There is an inclination in Singapore touristry fitting to functionary records that there is a well low inbounds in the main months of a schedule twelvemonth. These could reasonably be brought about by the motivation and modus operandis of a hands on mid-class visitants where there are most drastically averse to be allowed an occasion period. Another cardinal impact of the inflow is the planetary monetary framework emergency that took topographic point and affected overall financial framework in 2008 which was activated by a liquidness deficiency in the United States banking framework. It added to the disappointment of cardinal concern, decreases in purchaser riches, critical monetary committednesss brought about by authoritiess, and a significant lessening in financial action. Fitting to the insights from October 2009, media discharge by Singapore Tourism Board, the visitant reachings to Singapore has gotten in a positive imprint enlisting increment figure of 9,000 which was around 10 % of the coming to in prior that twelvemonth. This is a conclusion of cardinal part by top guest creating markets from Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and Japan. These impacts could be viewed as an outcome from open get-aways at the tourer bring forthing states. A few components incorporate award excursions and occasion period by the business to greater part of the staff and being the most fit clasp to unclutter the one-year leave by twelvemonth terminal. Some different components might be ascribed to appealing travel packs and forceful selling for significant occasions in the completion state. Articulation of Key employments and Issues In light of the insights from STB during the previous long periods of twelvemonth 2009, there were issues between viing inn industry. Mid-Tier lodging class, inns situated in head business zones or in a split second outlaying nations of Singapore, had accomplished the most elevated AOR however low ARR †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Economy-Tier, lodgings in spending segment and are all things considered situated in outlaying nations of Singapore, confronted most minimal AOR yet high ARR and Revpar †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . In spite of the fact that the developing of tourer arriving at improved by terminal of the twelvemonth 2009, the inn business stayed delayed in achieving the standard open introduction contrasted with old twelvemonth. There was a significant expansion in AOR by September 2009. Anyway ARR/Revpar diminished resulting in globule of whole Hotel room net when contrasted with twelvemonth 2008. This infers touristry related segments and concerns could non better open introduction in accordance with the tourer coming to as there are solid rivalry among the opposition houses and sharing of market accessible at given possibility. Upscale evaluation, which remember inns for upscale segment and are all things considered in chief areas or inns with dress shop situating in head or run of the mill areas, got a lower outcome with little decrease. This shows a specific area of the business that is non each piece delicate as different segments. Coevals and Evaluation of Alternative Solutions Lodgings activity could maintain a strategic distance from significant effect by rehearsing gross management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Media awareness in tourer bring forthing states, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Travel exposure to be showcased and upheld by oversea tourer workplaces under STB, curiously building up exposure run for the get-away periods. Government should set against the foundation of diverting possibilities from both customary out-limits markets including the United States, Europe and Japan, and high developing potential markets, for example, China and India. Execution of Recommendations Should take to recognize and advertise Singapore as an absolute necessity see wrap up a convergence of advancing encounters. STB should ship out the activities to propel Singapore Tourism and the nearby tourer appealing power so as to stand apart as a top completion in Asia Pacific and among the universe commended finish. Visit administrators, Hotel bearings and Food and Beverages concern should spread out their web by partner with more middle people, for example, trip specialists and circuit administrators. With current position and solid rivalry among the houses, concern administrators from single touristry areas ought to comprehend the commonality between the various segments of touristry as in Travel, Lodging, Food administration, and redirection musca volitanss. In the event that any possibility given to tie in with each other, these areas ought to effectively start the pack that would benefit every single segment. For outline, a trip specialist offering air ticket alongside room darks of a specific inn, which will other than have a half twenty-four hours visit at the nearby appealing powers to loan the neighborhood network. It is other than of import to recognize the multiplier result in the Tourism business where the cash spent by tourers to go, to stay in an inn or to eat in an eating house, is reused by those worry to purchase more products along these lines bring forthing further utilization of the cash which is great for the nearby network. Present and future propensity of Singapore Tourism Clinical Tourism The expansion in the figure of individuals to look for clinical mediation in Singapore has been driven mainly by modest travel, an ascent in the figure of people with longer life expectations and additional pay. Moreover, duo with costly and long sitting tight periods for local mediation in other Asia states and the data accessible through media and the internet has help the inbound clinical touristry for Singapore. Since October 2003, Singapore specialists had propelled Singapore Medicine, a multi-government venture planned for forming Singapore into one of Asia taking finishs for universal patients. It focuses to draw1million outside patients to Singapore by twelvemonth 2012. In footings of gross, it sets to deliver S $ 3 billion for the clinical travel industry where the Economic Development Board ( EDB ) , Singapore Tourism Board ( STB ) and International Enterprise ( IE ) Singapore are part of this endeavor. ( STB, 2004 ) Singapore Grand Prix Singapore GP is the significant occasion go oning in Singapore which organized Formula 1, auto surging get bringing down with the 2008 Season. A significant number of the F1 fans ventured out to Singapore so as to partake in this significant point, loaning a significant consolation in Singapore Tourism. This kind of occasions has advanced the touristry of Singapore and got gross for other touristry related areas, for example, Conveyances, Lodging and Food and Beverages. Finishing of the two Integrated Resorts Marina Bay Sands and Resort World Sentosa, the two significant endeavors had finished in 2010, loaning a significant expansion in tourer coming to for the most part from Asia parts and other Europe states. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Myths About Teen Suicide

Myths About Teen Suicide Depression Suicide Print 7 Common Myths About Teen Suicide What Parents Need to Know About Teen Suicide By Kathryn Rudlin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 16, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on February 16, 2020 Chris Price / E+ / Getty Images More in Depression Suicide Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Types Childhood Depression Information presented in this article may be triggering to some people. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911 immediately. There are many common misconceptions about suicide that prevent parents from talking to teens or recognizing just how serious of a problem suicide can be among teens.   By debunking these seven common teen suicide myths and revealing the facts, you can hopefully be better prepared to educate your teen, recognize the warning signs, and get help for your teen before its too late. Myth: Teens Who Threaten Suicide Are Just Looking for Attention Teens usually excel at hiding problems, especially from adults. A teen who is talking about suicide needs to be listened to carefully and taken seriously. If your teen mentions suicide, take it very seriously and  seek professional help immediately.   Myth: Asking Teens If They Think About Suicide Increases Their Risk Sometimes parents fear that bringing up the subject of suicide will somehow plant the seed. But asking direct questions about suicide wont compel your teen to kill themselves. But if your teen is having any suicidal thoughts, they will feel likely relieved by your direct and honest questions.   How to Respond When a Teen Talks About Suicide Myth: Teens Who Fail in Completing Suicide Werent Serious A teen who attempts suicide is trying to stop the  pain and suffering. Teens who make an attempt are at much higher risk of trying again. Their second attempts are much more likely to be lethal.   Myth: Teens Who Commit Suicide Always Act Sad Beforehand Depression in teenagers looks different from depression in adults. Teens with depression frequently don’t appear sad. They may be irritable or withdrawn and might even seem happy at times. Suicide may be a rather sudden response to a major stressful event. Myth: Teens Who Commit Suicide Spend a Lot of Time Planning It The  decision  to commit suicide may be plannedâ€"but it could also be somewhat of an impulsive one. Suicide may feel like the best way to escape the pain. A teen who has been humiliated, rejected, or subjected to bullying, for example, may think suicide is the only way out. Exploring the Connection Between Bullying and Suicide Myth: Suicide Among Teens Is Rare More teens die from suicide than cancer, pneumonia, influenza, chronic lung disease, heart disease, AIDS, and birth defects combined. Suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people. Most people arent aware that it such a common problem. Suicides dont usually make the news and many families keep a teens suicide as private as possible. Teens who struggle with mental illness like depression and those who abuse substances  are at the highest risk of taking their own life.   Teen Suicide Statistics Myth: A Suicide Plan Doesnt Put the Teen at Risk of Following Through A teen with a specific plan for how and when to commit suicide is a teen in serious trouble. When a mental health professional assesses a teen for suicide risk, meeting this criterion means the teen is potentially in immediate danger and steps need to be taken to ensure safety.   Teen Suicide Warning Signs and Prevention Ways Parents Can Help Although many parents talk to their kids about the dangers of using alcohol or drugs or the risks of meeting strangers online, few parents ever talk to their teens about suicide. Mental health problems  and suicide can be an uncomfortable subject to broachâ€"especially when you arent sure what to say. But talking about it could save your teens life. Check-in with your child regularly, beyond just day-to-day tasks like doing homework, to find out how they are feeling. You can simply ask: How are you doing? or How is everything going at school? Kids might open up as youre in the car, shuffling back and forth to after-school activities. Educate Yourself About Suicide Learning about and understanding suicide will enable you to be on the lookout for possible signs your teen may be at risk. It will also help you hold meaningful conversations with your teen on the  subject. This includes understanding the risks factors and warning signs of suicide in teens, including: Withdrawal from friends and familyDramatic mood changesUncontrolled anger or rageAnxietyFeelings of hopelessness, purposelessness, or being trappedReckless or impulsive behavior or misuse of drugs or alcoholSuicidal ideation or preoccupation with death (e.g., in music, literature, drawings) Understanding Suicidal Ideation in Teens Start a Conversation Today Strike up a conversation with your teen about mental health issues, stress, and suicide. You might start by mentioning a story you read about the news or a TV show that you watched on the topic. You might also ask questions like, Does anyone at your school ever talk about suicide? or Does your school teach you about mental health issues?   Don’t be afraid to steer the conversation toward your childs mental health. If you have concerns that your teen may be contemplating suicide, or your teen is struggling with mental health issues or a recent stressful event, you might say, It seems like youve been dealing with a lot lately. Does it ever get so tough that you think about ending your life?” notes the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP). Ask if they are experiencing any symptoms like trouble sleeping, feelings of hopelessness, or feeling trapped or overwhelmed. Reinforce the fact that you are always there to listen to and support them and that its OK to seek help. Its also essential to talk to your childs doctor immediately. A pediatrician may refer your teen to a mental health professional.   Set a Healthy Example Teaching and modeling healthy habits for mental health is yet another way parents can help protect their teens from suicide. Do your best to talk openly about feelings, emotions, and challenges. This will help them understand that its OK to struggle and that life is messy and challenging for everyone, says the AFSP. If youre struggling with your own mental health, set a good example by practicing physical and mental self-care, managing stress in a healthful way, and seeking therapy. Doing your part to take away the stigma of mental illness treatment will go a long way toward dispelling any harmful myths and keeping your teen safe.

Path Analysis -- What it Is and How to Use It

Path analysis is a form of multiple regression statistical analysis that is used to evaluate causal models by examining the relationships between a dependent variable and two or more independent variables. By using this method, one can estimate both the magnitude and significance of causal connections between variables. Key Takeaways: Path Analysis By conducting a path analysis, researchers can better understand the causal relationships between different variables.To begin, researchers draw a diagram that serves as a visual representation of the relationship between variables.Next, researchers use a statistical software program (such as SPSS or STATA) to compare their predictions to the actual relationship between the variables. Overview Path analysis is theoretically useful because, unlike other techniques, it forces us to specify relationships among all of the independent variables. This results in a model showing causal mechanisms through which independent variables produce both direct and indirect effects on a dependent variable. Path analysis was developed by Sewall Wright, a geneticist, in 1918. Over time the method has been adopted in other physical sciences and social sciences, including sociology. Today one can conduct path analysis with statistical programs including SPSS and STATA, among others. The method is also known as  causal modeling, analysis of covariance structures, and latent variable models. Prerequisites for Conducting a Path Analysis There are two main requirements for path analysis: All causal relationships between variables must go in one direction only (you cannot have a pair of variables that cause each other)The variables must have a clear time-ordering since one variable cannot be said to cause another unless it precedes it in time. How to Use Path Analysis Typically path analysis involves the construction of a path diagram in which the relationships between all variables and the causal direction between them are specifically laid out. When conducting a path analysis, one might first construct an input path diagram, which illustrates the hypothesized relationships. In a path diagram, researchers use arrows to show how different variables relate to each other. An arrow pointing from, say, Variable A to Variable B, shows that Variable A is hypothesized to influence Variable B. After the statistical analysis has been completed, a researcher would then construct an output path diagram, which illustrates the relationships as they actually exist, according to the analysis conducted. If the researcher’s hypothesis is correct, the input path diagram and output path diagram will show the same relationships between variables. Examples of Path Analysis in Research Lets consider an example in which path analysis might be useful. Say you hypothesize that age has a direct effect on job satisfaction, and you hypothesize that it has a positive effect, such that the older one is, the more satisfied one will be with their job. A good researcher will realize that there are certainly other independent variables that also influence our dependent variable of job satisfaction: for example, autonomy and income, among others. Using path analysis, a researcher can create a diagram that charts the relationships between the variables. The diagram would show a link between age and autonomy (because typically the older one is, the greater degree of autonomy they will have), and between age and income (again, there tends to be a positive relationship between the two). Then, the diagram should also show the relationships between these two sets of variables and the dependent variable: job satisfaction. After using a statistical program to evaluate these relationships, one can then redraw the diagram to indicate the magnitude and significance of the relationships. For example, the researcher might find that both autonomy and income are related to job satisfaction, that one of these two variables has a much stronger link to job satisfaction than the other, or that neither variable has a significant link to job satisfaction. Strengths and Limitations of Path Analysis While path analysis is useful for evaluating causal hypotheses, this method cannot determine the  direction  of causality. It clarifies correlation and indicates the strength of a causal hypothesis, but does not prove direction of causation. In order to fully understand the direction of causality, researchers can consider conducting experimental studies in which participants are randomly assigned to a treatment and control group. Additional Resources Students wishing to learn more about path analysis and how to conduct it can refer to  the University of Exeter’s overview of Path Analysis and  Quantitative Data Analysis for Social Scientists  by Bryman and Cramer. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

The Debate Over Same Sex Marriage - 1682 Words

The largely debated topic of same-sex relationships have been on the forefront of all U.S. citizen’s minds, including and more specifically of those in the branches of legislature. More states today have begun passing laws that accept and recognize marriage for this population. This minority group, in some opinions, has been at a disadvantage when it comes to marriage equality. Previous studies have explored this great debate in the United States beginning in the 1970s. The Minnesota Post published a case where University of Minnesota students, Richard John â€Å"Jack† Baker and James Michael McConnell, applied for a marriage license in Hennepin County Minnesota. The application was denied because the applicants both were men. Baker and†¦show more content†¦Previous research, done by Rostosky et. al., provides information regarding the APA’s attempts, in 2004, to highlight how such inequalities can negatively impact a persons mental health. These effort s were to address the discrimination that was a result of the lack of equality for all people (Rostosky, 2009). After efforts began in 2004, they continued and strengthened with more research being done in the past few years regarding same-sex marriage. The current underdeveloped pieces from research is how same-sex marriage would affect a family dynamic, with adding children into the picture, and with how such individuals work with their own immediate family. Information regarding how children would be affected by being raised with same-sex parents was becoming negatively viewed and used as a tactic for the government. They proposed that heterosexual parents provide better living conditions for children and suggested to all people that it should continue in such manner (Goldberg Kuvalanka, 2012). Looking at previous researchers work on the effects of same-sex marriage, much of the focus was on the effects that the marriage had on society, and family life. Research on same-sex marr iage in the United States could not be conducted until after the legalization of same-sex marriage in Massachusetts in 2004 (Schecter, Tracy, Page, Luong, 2008). Meezan and Rauch (2005) were able to

Account for the continued existence of gender inequalities at work Free Essays

string(111) " the percentage of women in work has increased so that women have now caught up with men in the labour market\." Despite the laws and movements, women still do not enjoy equality in the workplace, in position or wages. In this essay I will discuss the origins of gender inequality in an effort to find out where this was first instigated. Initially I will talk about the historical motives of gender inequality and the work of the earlier women’s movements and campaigns for equal rights in the early 1900’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Account for the continued existence of gender inequalities at work or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will then discuss various feminist theories of gender inequality, including recent government statistics. Finally I will conclude with my own viewpoints on gender inequality in the workplace in an attempt to discover why it continues to exist today. Ann Oakley 1981(cited in Haralambos and Holborn) gave a historical analysis of the changing role in society for women from before the industrial revolution in the 19th century to the 1970’s housewife. Oakley says that men and women and also the children of the working class were employed in the factories. 1819 saw the beginning of the factory act that gradually restricted child labour. From 1841 to 1914 (the beginning of World War 1) women were seen as a threat to men and their employment. In 1852 women’s employment was greatly reduced by The Mines Act which banned women from working in the mines, tradition said women should be in the home as a housewife and mother. In 1851 only 1 in 4 women were in paid employment by 1911 it was 1in 10. With the combination of these various acts passed and the growing restrictions on women’s employment, more and more women began to stay at home but not by their own choice. Harolambos and Holborn 2000 p. 144) World War I saw many women return to the workforce while men were away fighting in the war; the economy needed women in the workforce even though they were paid less than they were worth. In February of 1918 the representation of people’s act gave 2 Women the right to vote for the first time. Under this act only women over 30 were allowed to vote if they were householders, wives of householders, paying annual rent over i5, or graduates of British universities or women who were qualified although not graduates. About eight and a half million women were able to vote in the 1918 election. Women also became eligible to stand as MPs. Several suffragette campaigners stood for Parliament in the 1918 election. None were successful. Between 1914 and 1950 many women returned to work, but their primary role was still seen as that of the housewife/ mother, the industrial revolution had initiated many significant changes for women. Men were not happy about this as seen in the words of Jack Tanner: â€Å"We, as an organisation are opposed to the introduction of women as a general principal. â€Å"(Cited in Walby 1987). Braverman (1974) disagreed with Tanner saying there was a strong case for women being encouraged into the labour force, and that necessity for cheap unskilled labour was a requirement created by employers. Jack Tanner (at the time the leader of the Amalgamated Engineering Union in 1940) was doing his utmost to prevent women entering the male dominated workplace. The reason why men like Tanner should be so opposed to women to work in his male dominated union was not just because of their fear that women would work for fewer wages than men it was more a system of patriarchal objections which women’s employment threatened to disrupt. Walby 1987 p2-3) 1970 saw the Equal Pay Act, which meant that women were to receive equal pay to men if they were employed to do similar work of the same value. In 1975 the Sex Discrimination Act was brought in to stop discrimination on the grounds of sex in employment, education and equal chances of promotion. Women in work i. e. paid employment have recently increased, between 1971 and 1997 (E. O. C. briefings, Work and Parenting) the percentage of women in work has increased so that women have now caught up with men in the labour market. You read "Account for the continued existence of gender inequalities at work" in category "Papers" The main reason for this is that more and more married women are going outside the home to work, although lone mother’s statistics have dropped. (Harolambos and Holborn) 3 Sylvia Walby in Gender Transformations (1997) agrees with these findings, saying that since the 1980’s integration of women in the male dominated workplace has increased dramatically, the number of women occupying higher ranking positions mainly in the professional and managerial careers has risen by 155% as opposed to a 33% rise by men. An increase in women’s educational qualifications is seen as one of the main reasons for this remarkable boost to women’s participation in higher ranking jobs. (Cited in Robinson and Richardson 1997) Norris (1987) says unquestionably women have always worked, but it is in caring for children and the elderly and the preparation and serving of food and looking after a household, known as unpaid labour, this has constantly been invisible in official statistics. One of the most significant changes for women in the labour force since the 1960’s has been the percentage of women returning to the workforce and the decline of men’s employment. Recently for every 6 men in paid employment there were 4 women, it has been predicted that these trends will continue to increase. However there are visible differences between some countries, in Scandinavia and North America, for example, women make up half the official labour force compared with less than a third in Spain, Ireland and America. In countries such as Canada Portugal and Norway the number of women in paid employment doubled. However in countries such as France, Britain and Germany, Women have been known to leave the workforce to start a family only to return in later years, this is known as the ‘M’ curve. (Politics Sexual Equality1987) Women in work i. e. paid employment has recently increased, between 1971 and 1997 the percentage of women in work has increased so that women have now caught up with men in the labour market. EOC briefings, work and parenting1997) The main reason for this is that more and more married women are going outside the home to work, although lone mother’s statistics have dropped (Hood 1997) 4. Barron and Norris (Haralambos and Holborn2000) argued that there are 2 not 1 labour market as outlined below: Primary labour market is made up from good salaries, job security, good working conditions and good promotion prospects; secondary labour market is made up from lower paid jobs, less job security, lower working conditions and less opportunities of job promotion. These work side by side but it is near impossible for someone from the secondary labour market to be promoted to the primary labour market. Primary sector workers include professionals and managerial, highly skilled manual workers, secondary include unskilled and semi skilled workers manual and non manual workers. Dual labour market results from employers using these methods to keep the type of labour they require so incentives are offered to keep highly skilled in the workplace, secondary sector are seen as dispensable, easily replaced, no incentives for high wages, job security, or promotions is offered to them. The dual labour market can apply to both men and women but mainly women, who are seen as easy to replace and having no interest in learning new skills and less concerned with high wages. Men are still seen as the major bread winner and women’s seen as having low status in society and not normally belonging to unions is one of the reasons why they are not as likely to aim for primary sector employment. Normally once a woman begins secondary employment there is little chance she will progress to the primary sector (Haralambos and Holborn 2000) Gender divisions and inequality has been linked to feminist campaigners who have tried to put an end to sexual discrimination and inequality in the workplace. The dominance of males throughout society is known as Patriarchy. Patriarchy explains gender and radical feminist explain male power. Radical feminists like Susan Walby in 1997 explains that ‘Patriarchy is seen as the primary form of social inequality’ the domestic area is not the only one that women participate in. She shows how the idea of patriarchy is useful in explaining the relationship between women’s restriction’s in 5 he private and public area by showing that they work equally to achieve this dependence as well as maintaining patriarchy. Walby explains that it is men who are to blame for women’s oppression; women are treated unequal because of their unwaged position in society and also because of household commitments. (Robinson and Richardson 1997) Recently in America there have been various discussions about the Glass Ceiling Syndrome and that there is a certain plateau that women can progress to in the workplace, then reach no further. Below are the three methods by which these are implemented; . Networking by word of mouth – most large companies fill vacancies through word of mouth connections, employees are sometimes identified and interviewed (at lunches, dinners or clubs) and then made an offer of employment outside normal working hours 2. Networking by Employee Referrals – an employee refers another employee from a group of (mostly) men mainly from within their own social group; this again does little for the promotional prospects of women. 3. Executive Search Firms – some companies use executive search firms to fill a large number of highs ranking jobs. Some companies have not made some of these firms aware of the equal opportunity obligations under the law. (www. theglassceiling. ) One of the projects that the government has recently introduced is the Work track Programme; this was said to benefit long term unemployed and to help them gain new skills and also to help them back into the workforce. It was said to be particularly beneficial to single parents (mainly women) with children as the family credit top up could be claimed. The downside of this was that it only lasted for 6 months. It created a false feeling of wealth and it was short term, the after effects are longer lasting. Personally I participated in this programme and although I thoroughly enjoyed my work experience it was very difficult to go back to income support. Many other non Work track jobs I applied for were not as flexible, wages were a lot lower and childcare was not as easily accessible, and there was also no follow on programme 7 either which would have been very helpful. On completing this Programme participants are informed that they will be ineligible to partake in any other Worktrack courses for the next three years. Personally I believe this is very unfair, on one hand he government is giving long term unemployed the opportunity to get a taste of what it is like to get back into the labour market, many of the women in this project had not worked for a long time either because they had stayed at home to raise a family or because of lack of skills or educational qualifications and just when they believe they are getting out of the poverty trap the government takes it away from them. Basically it looks to me like another way for the government rigging the unemployment benefit statistics to look as though there are more women in employment than there actually is. Unfortunately I can only account here for some of the reasons I believe exist for the continued gender inequality in the workplace today, in my remit of 2000 words it would be impossible to cover everything. It is, I feel significant and ironic that it had to be a woman, Ann Oakley, who undertook the first ever study on women and housework, she was incidentally told by her boss (probably a man) ‘to go away and come back with a proper topic’. (Harolambos and Holborn 2000)) In my research for this assignment I have to confess to feeling at times more than a little angry at the blatant and visible discrimination of women in the workplace down through the years. Gender equality in the workplace is still a myth that I personally believe will not be solved in the immediate future, although it has certainly improved in past few decades. I acknowledge that men have been somewhat discriminated against also but nowhere near the same level that women have been and not for such a long period of time. In an ideal world men and women would share equal rights, equal pay and equal status in all societies. How to cite Account for the continued existence of gender inequalities at work, Papers

Account for the continued existence of gender inequalities at work Free Essays

string(111) " the percentage of women in work has increased so that women have now caught up with men in the labour market\." Despite the laws and movements, women still do not enjoy equality in the workplace, in position or wages. In this essay I will discuss the origins of gender inequality in an effort to find out where this was first instigated. Initially I will talk about the historical motives of gender inequality and the work of the earlier women’s movements and campaigns for equal rights in the early 1900’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Account for the continued existence of gender inequalities at work or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will then discuss various feminist theories of gender inequality, including recent government statistics. Finally I will conclude with my own viewpoints on gender inequality in the workplace in an attempt to discover why it continues to exist today. Ann Oakley 1981(cited in Haralambos and Holborn) gave a historical analysis of the changing role in society for women from before the industrial revolution in the 19th century to the 1970’s housewife. Oakley says that men and women and also the children of the working class were employed in the factories. 1819 saw the beginning of the factory act that gradually restricted child labour. From 1841 to 1914 (the beginning of World War 1) women were seen as a threat to men and their employment. In 1852 women’s employment was greatly reduced by The Mines Act which banned women from working in the mines, tradition said women should be in the home as a housewife and mother. In 1851 only 1 in 4 women were in paid employment by 1911 it was 1in 10. With the combination of these various acts passed and the growing restrictions on women’s employment, more and more women began to stay at home but not by their own choice. Harolambos and Holborn 2000 p. 144) World War I saw many women return to the workforce while men were away fighting in the war; the economy needed women in the workforce even though they were paid less than they were worth. In February of 1918 the representation of people’s act gave 2 Women the right to vote for the first time. Under this act only women over 30 were allowed to vote if they were householders, wives of householders, paying annual rent over i5, or graduates of British universities or women who were qualified although not graduates. About eight and a half million women were able to vote in the 1918 election. Women also became eligible to stand as MPs. Several suffragette campaigners stood for Parliament in the 1918 election. None were successful. Between 1914 and 1950 many women returned to work, but their primary role was still seen as that of the housewife/ mother, the industrial revolution had initiated many significant changes for women. Men were not happy about this as seen in the words of Jack Tanner: â€Å"We, as an organisation are opposed to the introduction of women as a general principal. â€Å"(Cited in Walby 1987). Braverman (1974) disagreed with Tanner saying there was a strong case for women being encouraged into the labour force, and that necessity for cheap unskilled labour was a requirement created by employers. Jack Tanner (at the time the leader of the Amalgamated Engineering Union in 1940) was doing his utmost to prevent women entering the male dominated workplace. The reason why men like Tanner should be so opposed to women to work in his male dominated union was not just because of their fear that women would work for fewer wages than men it was more a system of patriarchal objections which women’s employment threatened to disrupt. Walby 1987 p2-3) 1970 saw the Equal Pay Act, which meant that women were to receive equal pay to men if they were employed to do similar work of the same value. In 1975 the Sex Discrimination Act was brought in to stop discrimination on the grounds of sex in employment, education and equal chances of promotion. Women in work i. e. paid employment have recently increased, between 1971 and 1997 (E. O. C. briefings, Work and Parenting) the percentage of women in work has increased so that women have now caught up with men in the labour market. You read "Account for the continued existence of gender inequalities at work" in category "Papers" The main reason for this is that more and more married women are going outside the home to work, although lone mother’s statistics have dropped. (Harolambos and Holborn) 3 Sylvia Walby in Gender Transformations (1997) agrees with these findings, saying that since the 1980’s integration of women in the male dominated workplace has increased dramatically, the number of women occupying higher ranking positions mainly in the professional and managerial careers has risen by 155% as opposed to a 33% rise by men. An increase in women’s educational qualifications is seen as one of the main reasons for this remarkable boost to women’s participation in higher ranking jobs. (Cited in Robinson and Richardson 1997) Norris (1987) says unquestionably women have always worked, but it is in caring for children and the elderly and the preparation and serving of food and looking after a household, known as unpaid labour, this has constantly been invisible in official statistics. One of the most significant changes for women in the labour force since the 1960’s has been the percentage of women returning to the workforce and the decline of men’s employment. Recently for every 6 men in paid employment there were 4 women, it has been predicted that these trends will continue to increase. However there are visible differences between some countries, in Scandinavia and North America, for example, women make up half the official labour force compared with less than a third in Spain, Ireland and America. In countries such as Canada Portugal and Norway the number of women in paid employment doubled. However in countries such as France, Britain and Germany, Women have been known to leave the workforce to start a family only to return in later years, this is known as the ‘M’ curve. (Politics Sexual Equality1987) Women in work i. e. paid employment has recently increased, between 1971 and 1997 the percentage of women in work has increased so that women have now caught up with men in the labour market. EOC briefings, work and parenting1997) The main reason for this is that more and more married women are going outside the home to work, although lone mother’s statistics have dropped (Hood 1997) 4. Barron and Norris (Haralambos and Holborn2000) argued that there are 2 not 1 labour market as outlined below: Primary labour market is made up from good salaries, job security, good working conditions and good promotion prospects; secondary labour market is made up from lower paid jobs, less job security, lower working conditions and less opportunities of job promotion. These work side by side but it is near impossible for someone from the secondary labour market to be promoted to the primary labour market. Primary sector workers include professionals and managerial, highly skilled manual workers, secondary include unskilled and semi skilled workers manual and non manual workers. Dual labour market results from employers using these methods to keep the type of labour they require so incentives are offered to keep highly skilled in the workplace, secondary sector are seen as dispensable, easily replaced, no incentives for high wages, job security, or promotions is offered to them. The dual labour market can apply to both men and women but mainly women, who are seen as easy to replace and having no interest in learning new skills and less concerned with high wages. Men are still seen as the major bread winner and women’s seen as having low status in society and not normally belonging to unions is one of the reasons why they are not as likely to aim for primary sector employment. Normally once a woman begins secondary employment there is little chance she will progress to the primary sector (Haralambos and Holborn 2000) Gender divisions and inequality has been linked to feminist campaigners who have tried to put an end to sexual discrimination and inequality in the workplace. The dominance of males throughout society is known as Patriarchy. Patriarchy explains gender and radical feminist explain male power. Radical feminists like Susan Walby in 1997 explains that ‘Patriarchy is seen as the primary form of social inequality’ the domestic area is not the only one that women participate in. She shows how the idea of patriarchy is useful in explaining the relationship between women’s restriction’s in 5 he private and public area by showing that they work equally to achieve this dependence as well as maintaining patriarchy. Walby explains that it is men who are to blame for women’s oppression; women are treated unequal because of their unwaged position in society and also because of household commitments. (Robinson and Richardson 1997) Recently in America there have been various discussions about the Glass Ceiling Syndrome and that there is a certain plateau that women can progress to in the workplace, then reach no further. Below are the three methods by which these are implemented; . Networking by word of mouth – most large companies fill vacancies through word of mouth connections, employees are sometimes identified and interviewed (at lunches, dinners or clubs) and then made an offer of employment outside normal working hours 2. Networking by Employee Referrals – an employee refers another employee from a group of (mostly) men mainly from within their own social group; this again does little for the promotional prospects of women. 3. Executive Search Firms – some companies use executive search firms to fill a large number of highs ranking jobs. Some companies have not made some of these firms aware of the equal opportunity obligations under the law. (www. theglassceiling. ) One of the projects that the government has recently introduced is the Work track Programme; this was said to benefit long term unemployed and to help them gain new skills and also to help them back into the workforce. It was said to be particularly beneficial to single parents (mainly women) with children as the family credit top up could be claimed. The downside of this was that it only lasted for 6 months. It created a false feeling of wealth and it was short term, the after effects are longer lasting. Personally I participated in this programme and although I thoroughly enjoyed my work experience it was very difficult to go back to income support. Many other non Work track jobs I applied for were not as flexible, wages were a lot lower and childcare was not as easily accessible, and there was also no follow on programme 7 either which would have been very helpful. On completing this Programme participants are informed that they will be ineligible to partake in any other Worktrack courses for the next three years. Personally I believe this is very unfair, on one hand he government is giving long term unemployed the opportunity to get a taste of what it is like to get back into the labour market, many of the women in this project had not worked for a long time either because they had stayed at home to raise a family or because of lack of skills or educational qualifications and just when they believe they are getting out of the poverty trap the government takes it away from them. Basically it looks to me like another way for the government rigging the unemployment benefit statistics to look as though there are more women in employment than there actually is. Unfortunately I can only account here for some of the reasons I believe exist for the continued gender inequality in the workplace today, in my remit of 2000 words it would be impossible to cover everything. It is, I feel significant and ironic that it had to be a woman, Ann Oakley, who undertook the first ever study on women and housework, she was incidentally told by her boss (probably a man) ‘to go away and come back with a proper topic’. (Harolambos and Holborn 2000)) In my research for this assignment I have to confess to feeling at times more than a little angry at the blatant and visible discrimination of women in the workplace down through the years. Gender equality in the workplace is still a myth that I personally believe will not be solved in the immediate future, although it has certainly improved in past few decades. I acknowledge that men have been somewhat discriminated against also but nowhere near the same level that women have been and not for such a long period of time. In an ideal world men and women would share equal rights, equal pay and equal status in all societies. How to cite Account for the continued existence of gender inequalities at work, Papers